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An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Taxation rates may vary by type or characteristics of the taxpayer and the type of income.
Direct tax is a tax paid by a person, as opposed to a tax levied on a business that the person indirectly pays. Double taxation is when a tax is paid twice on the same income or item. Indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a store) on behalf of the person who actually is required to pay (such as a customer)
Income tax is also levied by most U.S. states and many localities on individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts. These taxes are in addition to federal income tax and are deductible for federal tax purposes. State and local income tax rates vary from zero to 16% of taxable income. [64]
Specific utility taxes - in this case, certain services are provided on a utility basis and consumers are charged fees, user charges, or tolls. Taxes instead of fees - In cases where direct fees are costly to impose, a tax on the free product can be used instead of fees. For example, taxes can be used in lieu of tolls on automobiles.
If individuals experience diminishing returns from income, then the optimum distribution of income for society involves a progressive income tax. Mirrlees optimal income tax is a detailed theoretical model of the optimum progressive income tax along these lines. Over the last years the validity of the theory of optimal taxation was discussed by ...
Business model innovation is an iterative and potentially circular process. ... Tax; Financial institution; ... A text book definition is: "The direct personal ...
Personal income tax is a tax levied on income earned by individuals, and its rates are adjusted according to the jurisdiction of each country. It serves as a significant source of revenue for the government, which is then utilized for funding public goods and services.
The personal income tax in developing countries commonly have some rate of progressivity, meaning grouping individuals into various groups based on their income and then imposing different rates of the personal income tax on each group. The limitations which often make this kind of tax ineffective in developing countries are several various ...