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A water wheel in Erlangen, Germany The reversible water wheel powering a mine hoist in De re metallica (Georgius Agricola, 1566) The sound of the Otley waterwheel, at Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. A water wheel is a machine for converting the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill.
Function (video) of the flatrod system in Sördalen, Sweden. The flatrod system dates to the period before the invention of the steam engine and electricity.Using flatrods it was possible to operate man engines and pumping systems, even though the water wheel in question had a rotary, not a reciprocal, motion.
Typical efficiency of water wheels exploiting only the kinetic energy was around 30%. [1] These wheels are called stream water wheels, or kinetic water wheels. Instead, undershot water wheels are used in low head sites, like less than 1.5 m, and they also exploit the potential energy of the flow, with efficiencies of up to 84%.
A satellite image of circular fields characteristic of center pivot irrigation, Kansas Farmland with circular pivot irrigation. Center-pivot irrigation (sometimes called central pivot irrigation), also called water-wheel and circle irrigation, is a method of crop irrigation in which equipment rotates around a pivot and crops are watered with sprinklers.
[3] [4] Alongside it, another tide mill was found that was powered by a vertical undershot wheel. [3] [4] The Nendrum Monastery mill from 787 was situated on an island in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland. Its millstones are 830mm in diameter and the horizontal wheel is estimated to have developed 7–8 horsepower (5.2–6.0 kW) at its peak.
This system was also a stack of 16 wheels but worked like a normal overshot wheel, the wheels driving stone mills and used to grind grains. The water mills were worked from a masonry aqueduct supplying the Roman town at Arles , and the remains of the masonry mills are still visible on the ground today, unlike the underground drainage systems of ...
Pelton patented his wheel as well as his novel design of the double cup runner, and in 1888 formed the Pelton Water Wheel Company in San Francisco to supply the growing demand for hydropower and hydroelectricity throughout the West and world-wide. [6] 'Pelton' is a trademark name for the products of that company, but the term is widely used ...
These include all three variants of the vertical water wheel as well as the horizontal water wheel. [8] Apart from its main use in grinding flour, water-power was also applied to pounding grain, [ 9 ] crushing ore, [ 10 ] sawing stones [ 11 ] and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces.