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A water wheel in Erlangen, Germany The reversible water wheel powering a mine hoist in De re metallica (Georgius Agricola, 1566) The sound of the Otley waterwheel, at Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. A water wheel is a machine for converting the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill.
Typical efficiency of water wheels exploiting only the kinetic energy was around 30%. [1] These wheels are called stream water wheels, or kinetic water wheels. Instead, undershot water wheels are used in low head sites, like less than 1.5 m, and they also exploit the potential energy of the flow, with efficiencies of up to 84%.
These include all three variants of the vertical water wheel as well as the horizontal water wheel. [8] Apart from its main use in grinding flour, water-power was also applied to pounding grain, [ 9 ] crushing ore, [ 10 ] sawing stones [ 11 ] and possibly fulling and bellows for iron furnaces.
Function (video) of the flatrod system in Sördalen, Sweden. The flatrod system dates to the period before the invention of the steam engine and electricity.Using flatrods it was possible to operate man engines and pumping systems, even though the water wheel in question had a rotary, not a reciprocal, motion.
This system was also a stack of 16 wheels but worked like a normal overshot wheel, the wheels driving stone mills and used to grind grains. The water mills were worked from a masonry aqueduct supplying the Roman town at Arles , and the remains of the masonry mills are still visible on the ground today, unlike the underground drainage systems of ...
There is also evidence of water mills for which both sides had a narrower water wheel, similar to an old paddle steamer. The floating platform is anchored at the most intense point in the current, to the bridge piers for easy access to the mill, or to the shore. Floating allows the mill to operate with the same power despite changing water levels.
1707 (): Denis Papin publishes a study on steam power, including a number of ideas. One uses a Savery-like engine to lift water onto a water wheel for rotary power. The study also proposes replacing the water of a Savery engine with a piston, which is pulled on by the vacuum in a cylinder after steam inside is condensed, but he was unable to ...
Pelton patented his wheel as well as his novel design of the double cup runner, and in 1888 formed the Pelton Water Wheel Company in San Francisco to supply the growing demand for hydropower and hydroelectricity throughout the West and world-wide. [6] 'Pelton' is a trademark name for the products of that company, but the term is widely used ...