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Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins , a treatable condition. [ 2 ]
This valvular incompetence combined with persistent venous obstruction from thrombus increases the pressure in veins and capillaries. Venous hypertension induces a rupture of small superficial veins, subcutaneous hemorrhage [7] and an increase of tissue permeability. That is manifested by pain, swelling, discoloration, and even ulceration. [8]
Causes [2] of venous stasis include: Obesity; Pregnancy; Previous damage to leg; Blood clot; Smoking; Swelling and inflammation of a vein close to the skin; Congestive heart failure. [3] Long periods of immobility that can be encountered from driving, [4] flying, bed rest/hospitalization, or having an orthopedic cast.
Lymphedema, also known as lymphoedema and lymphatic edema, is a condition of localized swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system. [2] The lymphatic system functions as a critical portion of the body's immune system and returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream .
Aching, heavy legs [10] [11] Appearance of spider veins (telangiectasia) in the affected leg; Ankle swelling [10] [11] A brownish-yellow shiny skin discoloration near the affected veins; Redness, dryness, and itchiness of areas of skin, termed stasis dermatitis or venous eczema [11] Muscle cramps when making sudden movements, such as standing ...
The management of lipodermatosclerosis may include treating venous insufficiency with leg elevation and elastic compression stockings. [9] In some difficult cases, the condition may be improved with the additional use of the fibrinolytic agent, stanozol. Fibrinolytic agents use an enzymatic action to help dissolve blood clots.
The result is edema, pain and a white appearance (alba) of the leg. The next step in the disease progression is occlusion of the superficial venous system, thereby preventing all venous outflow from the extremity. At this stage it is called phlegmasia cerulea dolens. The leg becomes more swollen and increasingly more painful.
Edema of the lower extremities (peripheral edema), caused by an increase in the venous blood pressure. Tachycardia. This is caused by the decreased preload and subsequent decreased cardiac output, and leads to a compensatory heart rate increase. In pregnant women, signs of fetal hypoxia and distress may be seen in the cardiotocography.