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Many tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, ergolines, and some piperazines like buspirone, trazodone, nefazodone, etoperidone, and mepiprazole antagonize α 1-adrenergic receptors as well, which contributes to their side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.
A 2007 Cochrane review assessed the side effects of short-term use of pseudoephedrine at recommended doses as a nasal decongestant. [21] It found that pseudoephedrine had a small risk of insomnia and this was the only side effect that occurred at rates significantly different from placebo. [21]
These side effects are serious and some of them are permanent, and many remain a crucial concern for companies and healthcare professionals and substantial efforts are being encouraged to reduce the potential risks for future antipsychotics through more clinical trials and drug development.
Side effects include irregular heartbeat, fatigue, high blood pressure, dry mouth, and eyes that are itchy, red, and/or swollen. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Trusopt, Azopt): This is another ...
Ephedrine is a non-catecholamine sympathomimetic with cardiovascular effects similar to those of adrenaline/epinephrine: increased blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility. Like pseudoephedrine it is a bronchodilator, with pseudoephedrine having considerably less effect. [19] [20]
Serious side effects may include liver problems, angioedema, kidney problems, and high blood potassium. [1] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. [5] It is an ACE inhibitor and works by decreasing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity. [1] Ramipril was patented in 1981 and approved for medical use in 1989. [6]
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
A wide variety of alkaloid and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of Ephedra.Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, [13] which are the sources of its stimulant and thermogenic effects. [4]