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  2. Blend modes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_modes

    If one layer contains a homogeneous color, such as the gray color (0.8, 0.8, 0.8), multiply blend mode is equivalent to a curve that is simply a straight line. This is also equivalent to using this gray value as opacity when doing "normal mode" blend with a black bottom layer.

  3. Alpha compositing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing

    A color spectrum image with an alpha channel that falls off to zero at its base, where it is blended with the background color.. In computer graphics, alpha compositing or alpha blending is the process of combining one image with a background to create the appearance of partial or full transparency. [1]

  4. Extended finite element method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_finite_element_method

    The extended finite element method (XFEM), is a numerical technique based on the generalized finite element method (GFEM) and the partition of unity method (PUM). It extends the classical finite element method (FEM) approach by enriching the solution space for solutions to differential equations with discontinuous functions.

  5. Row- and column-major order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row-_and_column-major_order

    This was really only relevant for presentation, because matrix multiplication was stack-based and could still be interpreted as post-multiplication, but, worse, reality leaked through the C-based API because individual elements would be accessed as M[vector][coordinate] or, effectively, M[column][row], which unfortunately muddled the convention ...

  6. Generating set of a group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_set_of_a_group

    The 5th roots of unity in the complex plane form a group under multiplication. Each non-identity element generates the group. In abstract algebra, a generating set of a group is a subset of the group set such that every element of the group can be expressed as a combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of the subset and their inverses.

  7. Cyclic group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group

    The six 6th complex roots of unity form a cyclic group under multiplication. Here, z is a generator, but z 2 is not, because its powers fail to produce the odd powers of z. For any element g in any group G, one can form the subgroup that consists of all its integer powers: g = { g k | k ∈ Z}, called the cyclic subgroup generated by g.

  8. Isomorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism

    The group of fifth roots of unity under multiplication is isomorphic to the group of rotations of the regular pentagon under composition. In mathematics , an isomorphism is a structure-preserving mapping (a morphism ) between two structures of the same type that can be reversed by an inverse mapping .

  9. Generator (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(mathematics)

    The 5th roots of unity in the complex plane under multiplication form a group of order 5. Each non-identity element by itself is a generator for the whole group. In mathematics and physics, the term generator or generating set may refer to any of a number of related concepts.