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  2. Blend modes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_modes

    If one layer contains a homogeneous color, such as the gray color (0.8, 0.8, 0.8), multiply blend mode is equivalent to a curve that is simply a straight line. This is also equivalent to using this gray value as opacity when doing "normal mode" blend with a black bottom layer.

  3. Alpha compositing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing

    A color spectrum image with an alpha channel that falls off to zero at its base, where it is blended with the background color.. In computer graphics, alpha compositing or alpha blending is the process of combining one image with a background to create the appearance of partial or full transparency. [1]

  4. Finite element method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method

    The generalized finite element method (GFEM) uses local spaces consisting of functions, not necessarily polynomials, that reflect the available information on the unknown solution and thus ensure good local approximation. Then a partition of unity is used to “bond” these spaces together to form the approximating subspace. The effectiveness ...

  5. Finite element method in structural mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method_in...

    The element mesh should be sufficiently fine in order to produce acceptable accuracy. To assess accuracy, the mesh is refined until the important results shows little change. For higher accuracy, the aspect ratio of the elements should be as close to unity as possible, and smaller elements are used over the parts of higher stress gradient.

  6. Hadamard product (matrices) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard_product_(matrices)

    The Hadamard product operates on identically shaped matrices and produces a third matrix of the same dimensions. In mathematics, the Hadamard product (also known as the element-wise product, entrywise product [1]: ch. 5 or Schur product [2]) is a binary operation that takes in two matrices of the same dimensions and returns a matrix of the multiplied corresponding elements.

  7. All-pairs testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pairs_testing

    'Enabled', 'Choice Type' and 'Category' have a choice range of 2, 3 and 4, respectively. An exhaustive test would involve 24 tests (2 x 3 x 4). Multiplying the two largest values (3 and 4) indicates that a pair-wise tests would involve 12 tests. The pairwise test cases, generated by Microsoft's "pict" tool, are shown below.

  8. Cyclic group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group

    The six 6th complex roots of unity form a cyclic group under multiplication. Here, z is a generator, but z 2 is not, because its powers fail to produce the odd powers of z. For any element g in any group G, one can form the subgroup that consists of all its integer powers: g = { g k | k ∈ Z}, called the cyclic subgroup generated by g.

  9. Cayley graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_graph

    In mathematics, a Cayley graph, also known as a Cayley color graph, Cayley diagram, group diagram, or color group, [1] is a graph that encodes the abstract structure of a group. Its definition is suggested by Cayley's theorem (named after Arthur Cayley ), and uses a specified set of generators for the group.