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UDP hole punching is a method for establishing bidirectional UDP connections between Internet hosts in private networks using network address translators. The technique is not applicable in all scenarios or with all types of NATs, as NAT operating characteristics are not standardized.
Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) is a standardized set of methods and a network protocol for NAT hole punching. It was designed for UDP but was also extended to TCP. Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a relay protocol designed specifically for NAT traversal.
To punch a hole, each client connects to an unrestricted third-party server that temporarily stores external and internal address and port information for each client. The server then relays each client's information to the other, and using that information each client tries to establish direct connection; as a result of the connections using ...
The method used to compute the checksum is defined in RFC 768, and efficient calculation is discussed in RFC 1071: Checksum is the 16-bit ones' complement of the ones' complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, padded with zero octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two octets.
Another way is to use various NAT traversal techniques. The most popular technique for TCP NAT traversal is TCP hole punching. TCP hole punching requires the NAT to follow the port preservation design for TCP. For a given outgoing TCP communication, the same port numbers are used on both sides of the NAT.
TCP hole punching is an experimentally used NAT traversal technique for establishing a TCP connection between two peers on the Internet behind NAT devices. NAT traversal is a general term for techniques that establish and maintain TCP/IP network and/or TCP connections traversing NAT gateways.
UDP hole punching is a technology that leverages this trait to allow for dynamically setting up data tunnels over the internet. [6] ICMP messages are distinct from TCP and UDP and communicate control information of the network itself. A well-known example of this is the ping utility. [7] ICMP responses will be allowed back through the firewall.
ICMP hole punching is a technique employed in network address translator (NAT) applications for maintaining Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packet streams that traverse the NAT. NAT traversal techniques are typically required for client-to-client networking applications on the Internet involving hosts connected in private networks ...