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The origins of pathophysiology as a distinct field date back to the late 18th century. The first known lectures on the subject were delivered by Professor August Friedrich Hecker [ de ] at the University of Erfurt in 1790, and in 1791, he published the first textbook on pathophysiology, Grundriss der Physiologia pathologica , [ 2 ] spanning 770 ...
A summary of the pathophysiology of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Type I hypersensitivity can be further classified into immediate and late-phase reactions. Within minutes of exposure to an antigen, the immediate hypersensitivity occurs, releasing histamines and lipid mediators which are responsible for the initial allergic reaction response.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [1] is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and developmentally-inappropriate. [9]
Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system.Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. [1]
Intravenous fluids, antimicrobials, vasopressors [1] [5] Prognosis: 10 to 80% risk of death; [4] [6] These mortality rates (they are for a range of conditions along a spectrum: sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock) may be lower if treated aggressively and early, depending on the organism and disease, the patient's previous health, and the ...
The activation and proliferation of T cells that results from immune activation provides fresh targets for HIV infection. However, direct killing by HIV alone cannot account for the observed depletion of CD4 + T cells since only 0.01–0.10% of CD4 + T cells in the blood are infected. [citation needed]
HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more virulent, more infective, [99] and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.
About 0.4% of young women are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times more commonly among women than men. [4] [21] It is unclear whether the increased incidence of anorexia observed in the 20th and 21st centuries is due to an actual increase in its frequency or simply due to improved diagnostic capabilities. [3]