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The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services, etc. between economic agents. The flows of money and goods exchanged in a closed circuit correspond in value, but run in the opposite direction.
The rules governing partnership taxation, for purposes of the U.S. Federal income tax, are codified according to Subchapter K of Chapter 1 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (Title 26 of the United States Code). Partnerships are "flow-through" entities. Flow-through taxation means that the entity does not pay taxes on its income.
A flow-through entity (FTE) is a legal entity where income "flows through" to investors or owners; that is, the income of the entity is treated as the income of the investors or owners. Flow-through entities are also known as pass-through entities or fiscally-transparent entities .
Tax shift or tax swap is a change in taxation that eliminates or reduces one or several taxes and establishes or increases others while keeping the overall revenue the same. [1] The term can refer to desired shifts, such as towards Pigovian taxes (typically sin taxes and ecotaxes ) as well as (perceived or real) undesired shifts, such as a ...
A flow-through share (FTS) is a Canadian tax-based financing incentive that is available to, among others, the mining sector. A FTS is a type of share issued by a corporation to a taxpayer, pursuant to an agreement with the corporation under which the issuing corporation agrees to incur eligible exploration expenses in an amount up to the consideration paid by the taxpayer for the shares.
Tax expenditure programs are a form of entitlement spending in that every tax payer that qualifies can claim government money. Faricy (2011) demonstrated that when tax expenditures are counted as a type of government spending, Democratic and Republican parties are indistinguishable in annual changes to federal government spending. [3]
Complete integration occurs when a corporation functions, for tax purposes, as a flow-through entity: all income received by the corporation, whether retained by it or distributed to shareholders, would be treated as shareholders' income. In such a system, according to Sijbren Cnossen, all corporate tax would be treated like a prepayment of ...
MEC tells us the cost of raising $1 of tax through the use of different types of tax. For example: if capital tax has a MEC of $0.50 then it costs the government $0.50 to collect $1 from capital taxes. Marginal efficiency cost of taxes can help policymakers to decide what to implement taxes on by pursuing taxes with a low MEC.