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  2. SQLAlchemy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLAlchemy

    SQLAlchemy is an open-source Python library that provides an SQL toolkit (called "SQLAlchemy Core") and an Object Relational Mapper (ORM) for database interactions. It allows developers to work with databases using Python objects, enabling efficient and flexible database access.

  3. Query Abstraction Layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_Abstraction_Layer

    With regards to SQL, QAL uses a subset of SQL features [5] and data types, [6] which while obviously not complete however is sufficient for most usages. It is however easy to instead use backend-specific SQL when the queries do not have to be backend-agnostic. It is currently distributed as a Python Library (.egg) [7] and a Debian package file ...

  4. Nested set model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_set_model

    The standard relational algebra and relational calculus, and the SQL operations based on them, are unable to express directly all desirable operations on hierarchies. The nested set model is a solution to that problem. An alternative solution is the expression of the hierarchy as a parent-child relation. Joe Celko called this the adjacency list ...

  5. Common Information Model (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Information_Model...

    The Common Information Model (CIM) is an open standard that defines how managed elements in an IT environment are represented as a common set of objects and relationships between them. The Distributed Management Task Force maintains the CIM to allow consistent management of these managed elements, independent of their manufacturer or provider.

  6. Database abstraction layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_abstraction_layer

    A database abstraction layer (DBAL [1] or DAL) is an application programming interface which unifies the communication between a computer application and databases such as SQL Server, IBM Db2, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle or SQLite. Traditionally, all database vendors provide their own interface that is tailored to their products.

  7. Open Database Connectivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity

    The introduction of the mainframe-based relational database during the 1970s led to a proliferation of data access methods. Generally these systems operated together with a simple command processor that allowed users to type in English-like commands, and receive output. The best-known examples are SQL from IBM and QUEL from the Ingres project ...

  8. Object–relational mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object–relational_mapping

    [citation needed] For this reason, many programmers find themselves more at home with an object-SQL mapping system, even though most object-oriented databases are able to process SQL queries to a limited extent. Other OODBMS provide replication to SQL databases, as a means of addressing the need for ad-hoc queries, while preserving well-known ...

  9. Database model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model

    A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database. It fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model, which uses a table-based format.