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Comparators are used in central processing units (CPUs) and microcontrollers (MCUs). Examples of digital comparator include the CMOS 4063 and 4585 and the TTL 7485 and 74682. An XNOR gate is a basic comparator, because its output is "1" only if its two input bits are equal. The analog equivalent of digital comparator is the voltage comparator.
8-bit comparator, inverting output 20 SN74ALS521: 74x522 1 8-bit comparator, inverting output 20 kΩ pull-up open-collector 20 SN74ALS522: 74x524 1 8-bit registered comparator open-collector 20 74F524: 74x525 1 16-bit programmable counter 28 74F525: 74x526 1 fuse programmable identity comparator, 16-bit 20 SN74ALS526: 74x527 1
Current mode logic (CML), or source-coupled logic (SCL), is a digital design style used both for logic gates and for board-level digital signaling of digital data.. The basic principle of CML is that current from a constant current generator is steered between two alternate paths depending on whether a logic zero or logic one is being represented.
4-bit adder with logical block diagram shown Decimal 4-digit ripple carry adder. FA = full adder, HA = half adder. It is possible to create a logical circuit using multiple full adders to add N-bit numbers. Each full adder inputs a , which is the of the previous adder.
In most cases a comparator is implemented using a dedicated comparator IC, but op-amps may be used as an alternative. Comparator diagrams and op-amp diagrams use the same symbols. A simple comparator circuit made using an op-amp without feedback simply heavily amplifies the voltage difference between Vin and VREF and outputs the result as Vout.
The most significant digit is an exception to this: for an n-bit Gray code, the most significant digit follows the pattern 2 n-1 on, 2 n-1 off, which is the same (cyclic) sequence of values as for the second-most significant digit, but shifted forwards 2 n-2 places. The four-bit version of this is shown below:
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A 4-bit ripple-carry adder–subtractor based on a 4-bit adder that performs two's complement on A when D = 1 to yield S = B − A. Having an n-bit adder for A and B, then S = A + B. Then, assume the numbers are in two's complement. Then to perform B − A, two's complement theory says to invert each bit of A with a NOT gate then add one.