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The purpose of this test is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were variable in a systematic review looking at accuracy of the test.
LEEP cone biopsy displaying normal cervical epithelium (far left) progressing to borderline koilocytosis, to LSIL, and to HSIL (far right). A squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is an abnormal growth of epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix, commonly called squamous cells.
Dysplasia is the earliest form of precancerous lesion which pathologists can recognize in a pap smear or in a biopsy. Dysplasia can be low grade or high grade. The risk of low-grade dysplasia transforming into high-grade dysplasia, and eventually cancer, is low. Treatment is usually straightforward.
A precancerous condition is a condition, tumor or lesion involving abnormal cells which are associated with an increased risk of developing into cancer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Clinically, precancerous conditions encompass a variety of abnormal tissues with an increased risk of developing into cancer.
Because of this, LSIL results can be managed with a simple "watch and wait" philosophy. However, because there is a 12–16% chance of progression to more severe dysplasia, the physician may want to follow the results more aggressively by performing a colposcopy with biopsy . [ 7 ]
Anal dysplasia is a pre-cancerous condition which occurs when the lining of the anal canal undergoes abnormal changes. It can be classified as low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). [1] Most cases are not associated with symptoms, but people may notice lumps in and around the ...
High grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, including mutations. [1] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), spanning a bit more than 2/3 of the thickness of the cervical epithelium.
The most common investigation in this field is the Pap test, which is used to screen for potentially precancerous lesions of the cervix. Cytology can also be used to investigate disorders of the ovaries, uterus, vagina and vulva. Gynaecologic cytology makes frequent use of the Bethesda system in order to grade the results of HPV testing. [2]