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Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object ...
Building Surveying emerged in the 1970s as a profession in the United Kingdom by a group of technically minded General Practice Surveyors. [8] Building Surveying is a recognized profession within Britain and Australia. In Australia in particular, due to risk mitigation/limitation factors the employment of surveyors at all levels of the ...
Krakiwsky, "A synthesis of recent advances in the method of least squares", Lecture Notes #42, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, 1975; Cross, P.A. "Advanced least squares applied to position-fixing", University of East London, School of Surveying, Working Paper No. 6, ISSN 0260-9142, January 1994 ...
Geomatics engineering is a rapidly developing engineering discipline which focuses on spatial information (i.e. information that has a location). [17] The location is the primary factor used to integrate a very wide range of data for spatial analysis and visualization.
Deformation monitoring is primarily associated with the field of applied surveying but may also be relevant to civil engineering, mechanical engineering, construction, and geology. The measurement devices utilized for deformation monitoring depend on the application, the chosen method, and the preferred measurement interval.
The surveyor rotates the telescope until the graduated staff is in the crosshairs and records the reading. This is repeated for all sightings from that datum. Should the instrument be moved to another position within sighting distance, it is re-levelled, and a sighting taken of a known level in the previous survey.
The higher-order (high precision, usually millimeter-to-decimeter on a scale of continents) control points are normally defined in both space and time using global or space techniques, and are used for "lower-order" points to be tied into. The lower-order control points are normally used for engineering, construction and navigation.
In surveying, bearings can be referenced to true north, magnetic north, grid north (the Y axis of a map projection), or a previous map, which is often a historical magnetic north. [ citation needed ] If navigating by gyrocompass , the reference direction is true north , in which case the terms true bearing and geodetic bearing are used.