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In fact, positive antenatal screenings administered in the first or third trimester are found to be high risk factors for early cessation in breastfeeding. [48] Studies also report that the environmental effects of maternal depression affect the developing fetus to such an extent that the impact can be seen during adulthood of the offspring.
The first trimester is from conception to 12 weeks of pregnancy, the second trimester is from 13 to 28 weeks of pregnancy, and the third trimester is from 29 weeks until birth. During the prenatal phase, the fetus is developing the structures to carry out cognitive functions, such as brain cells, brain waves, and forming the lobes and other ...
Women at the third trimester report progressively reduced total sleep time, and similarly to the second trimester, being uncomfortable, feeling fetal movements, heartburn, frequent urination, cramps and respiratory difficulties. [1] The last weeks before delivery influence sleep quality most markedly. [1]
Additionally, the musculoskeletal system undergoes stress as it readies itself for the expanding uterus and eventual delivery, which can lead to sleep disturbances. [13] Alterations in iron and folate metabolism during pregnancy have been proposed as factors contributing to the higher prevalence of restless legs syndrome among expectant mothers.
Third-trimester brain development involves energy-dependent biological processes for optimal brain growth, which are disturbed in preterm infants even without observable structural brain injury. [21] Functional near infrared spectroscopy has been used to assess cerebral hemodynamics, linking hemodynamic activity with the development of brain ...
However, during the third trimester the fetal adrenal glands begin to endogenously produce cortisol and become responsible for most intrauterine cortisol by the time the fetus reaches term. [ 16 ] Psychological stress and psychopathology
A neonatal withdrawal syndrome, sometimes severe, can occur when the mother had taken benzodiazepines, especially during the third trimester. Symptoms include hypotonia, apnoeic spells, cyanosis, impaired metabolic responses to cold stress, and seizures. The neonatal benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has been reported to persist from hours to ...
Regular lorazepam use during late pregnancy (the third trimester), carries a definite risk of benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in the neonate. Neonatal benzodiazepine withdrawal may include hypotonia, reluctance to suck, apneic spells, cyanosis, and impaired metabolic responses to cold stress.