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Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma) 'thick unguent') [1] is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. [2] Magma (sometimes colloquially but incorrectly referred to as lava) is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial ...
Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks. It does so through magmatic activity or igneous activity, the production, intrusion and extrusion of magma or lava. Volcanism is the surface expression of magmatism.
Where hotspots occur in continental regions, basaltic magma rises through the continental crust, which melts to form rhyolites. These rhyolites can form violent eruptions. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] For example, the Yellowstone Caldera was formed by some of the most powerful volcanic explosions in geologic history.
The Samoa hotspot is marked 35 on map. Diagram showing how islands are formed by hotspots. The Samoa hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located in the south Pacific Ocean.The hotspot model describes a hot upwelling plume of magma through the Earth's crust as an explanation of how volcanic islands are formed.
As helium-3 leaked from the core, it ascended to the surface through the mantle in the form of magma plumes that eventually erupted on Baffin Island. “During the eruption, the vast majority of ...
Magma emplacement can take place at any depth above the source rock. [4] Magma emplacement is primarily controlled by the internal forces of magma including buoyancy and magma pressure. [2] Magma pressure changes with depth as vertical stress is a function of the depth. [20] Another parameter of magma emplacement is the rate of magma supply. [2]
The archipelago formed about 60 million years ago from a magma source. The African Plate then shifted the plate the archipelago rests on over a stationary mantle plume. However, this hypothesis has been scrutinized for periods of up to several million years of a lack of volcanic activity between islands. [2] [3]
A mantle plume is posited to exist where super-heated material forms at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle. Rather than a continuous stream, plumes should be viewed as a series of hot bubbles of material. [5] Reaching the brittle upper Earth's crust they form diapirs. [6] These diapirs are "hotspots" in the crust.