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The Marshall-Edgeworth index, credited to Marshall (1887) and Edgeworth (1925), [11] is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting. It is considered a pseudo-superlative formula and is symmetric. [12]
Hence, one may think of the Paasche index as one where the numeraire is the bundle of goods using current year prices and current year quantities. Similarly, the Laspeyres index can be thought of as a price index taking the bundle of goods using current prices and base period quantities as the numeraire.
Ernst Louis Étienne Laspeyres (German: [lasˈpaɪrəs]; 28 November 1834 – 4 August 1913) was a German economist. He was Professor ordinarius of economics and statistics or State Sciences and cameralistics (public finance and administration) in Basel , Riga , Dorpat (now Tartu), Karlsruhe , and finally for 26 years in Gießen .
Setting equal to +: + gives Paasche-type index and so on. The Fisher-type index is defined as a square root of product of Laspeyres- and Paasche-type indexes. The Edgeworth-Marshall index uses the arithmetic mean of mean characteristics of two periods t and t+1. A Walsh-type index uses the geometric average of two periods.
The geometric formula implicitly assumes that consumers exhibit substitution behavior among the various different quoted items (such as apples purchased from one particular grocery store versus another grocery store), whereas the Laspeyres formula does not assume such substitution behavior - indeed, the Laspeyres items are not considered to be ...
Since upper and lower bounds of the true cost of living index can be found, respectively, through the Laspeyres and Paasche indices, the geometric average of the two, known as the Fisher price index, is a close approximation of the true cost of living index if the upper and lower bounds are not too far apart. [6]
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When inflation is measured with a price index different formulas produce different results because of the base effect. E.g. Paasche versus Laspeyres price indices. Because of the problems, in particular with headline inflation, that arise from volatility in prices core inflation is used as an additional indicator of the development of inflation.