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In mathematics, the limit of a sequence is the value that the terms of a sequence "tend to", and is often denoted using the symbol (e.g., ). [1] If such a limit exists and is finite, the sequence is called convergent. [2]
A sequence of functions () converges uniformly to when for arbitrary small there is an index such that the graph of is in the -tube around f whenever . The limit of a sequence of continuous functions does not have to be continuous: the sequence of functions () = (marked in green and blue) converges pointwise over the entire domain, but the limit function is discontinuous (marked in red).
Convergence proof techniques are canonical patterns of mathematical proofs that sequences or functions converge to a finite limit when the argument tends to infinity.. There are many types of sequences and modes of convergence, and different proof techniques may be more appropriate than others for proving each type of convergence of each type of sequence.
The uniform limit has "nicer" properties than the pointwise limit. For example, the uniform limit of a sequence of continuous functions is continuous. Many different notions of convergence can be defined on function spaces. This is sometimes dependent on the regularity of the space.
The different notions of convergence capture different properties about the sequence, with some notions of convergence being stronger than others. For example, convergence in distribution tells us about the limit distribution of a sequence of random variables. This is a weaker notion than convergence in probability, which tells us about the ...
In asymptotic analysis in general, one sequence () that converges to a limit is said to asymptotically converge to with a faster order of convergence than another sequence () that converges to in a shared metric space with distance metric | |, such as the real numbers or complex numbers with the ordinary absolute difference metrics, if
Indeed, if a is an endpoint of I, then the above limits are left- or right-hand limits. A similar statement holds for infinite intervals: for example, if I = (0, ∞), then the conclusion holds, taking the limits as x → ∞. This theorem is also valid for sequences. Let (a n), (c n) be two sequences converging to ℓ, and (b n) a sequence.
For any summation method L, its Abelian theorem is the result that if c = (c n) is a convergent sequence, with limit C, then L(c) = C. [clarification needed]An example is given by the Cesàro method, in which L is defined as the limit of the arithmetic means of the first N terms of c, as N tends to infinity.