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Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. [18] It can be used under the tongue (sublingual), in the cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous and subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), or as an implant.
Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. [3] It is used to treat opioid use disorder, and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on full-agonist opioids such as heroin or fentanyl).
After buprenorphine became an accepted treatment in France in the mid-’90s, other countries began to treat heroin addicts with the medication. Where buprenorphine has been adopted as part of public policy, it has dramatically lowered overdose death rates and improved heroin addicts’ chances of staying clean.
It has been known since the 1980s that buprenorphine binds to at high affinity and antagonizes the KOR. [15] [16]Through activation of the KOR, dynorphins, opioid peptides that are the endogenous ligands of the KOR and that can, in many regards, be figuratively thought of as functional inverses of the morphine-like, euphoric and stress-inhibiting endorphins, [17] induce dysphoria and stress ...
It has been found to produce antidepressant-like effects in mice (similarly to the case of buprenorphine alone or in combination with samidorphan) [3] [4] and (at a buprenorphine dosage of 16 mg/day but not 4 mg/day) has recently been found to be effective in the treatment of cocaine dependence in a large clinical trial. [5] [6]
Belbuca, Buprenex, Butrans, Subutex, Probuohine (buprenorphine) - an opioid medicine used to treat moderate to severe pain, and in some formulations to treat opioid use disorder; Belsomra – used to treat insomnia
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