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At extremely low P CO 2, dissolved CO 2, bicarbonate ion, and carbonate ion largely evaporate from the solution, leaving a highly alkaline solution of calcium hydroxide, which is more soluble than CaCO 3. For P CO 2 = 10 −12 atm, the [Ca 2+][OH −] 2 product is still below the solubility product of Ca(OH) 2 (8 × 10 −6).
Vaterite, like aragonite, is a metastable phase of calcium carbonate at ambient conditions at the surface of the Earth. As it is less stable than either calcite, the most stable polymorph, [ 5 ] or aragonite, vaterite has a higher solubility than either of these phases.
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO 3 −), carbonate (CO 3 2−) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO 2 and carbonic acid H 2 CO 3). DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO 3 (biologically or abiotically).
The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate. [5] It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as CO 2 *. C T is a key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, [6] and carbon dioxide flux estimates.
Carbonate ions preferentially bind to hydrogen ions to form bicarbonate, [10] thus a reduction in carbonate ion availability increases the amount of unbound hydrogen ions, and decreases the amount of bicarbonate formed (Equations 1–3). pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration, where a low pH means there are more unbound hydrogen ions ...
At the carbonate compensation depth, the rate of dissolution exactly matches the rate of supply of CaCO 3 from above. At steady state this depth, the CCD, is similar to the snowline (the first depth where carbonate-poor sediments occur). The lysocline is the depth interval between the saturation and carbonate compensation depths. [4] [1]
Microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a bio-geochemical process that induces calcium carbonate precipitation within the soil matrix. [1] Biomineralization in the form of calcium carbonate precipitation can be traced back to the Precambrian period. [ 2 ]
Calcium looping (CaL), or the regenerative calcium cycle (RCC), is a second-generation carbon capture technology. [1] It is the most developed form of carbonate looping, where a metal (M) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form (MCO 3) and its oxide form (MO) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from either power generation or an industrial plant.