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Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow). It occurs when excess rainwater , stormwater , meltwater , or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil .
Rills begin to form when the runoff shear stress, the ability of surface runoff to detach soil particles, overcomes the soil's shear strength, the ability of soil to resist force working parallel to the soil's surface. This begins the erosion process as water breaks soil particles free and carries them down the slope. [2] These forces explain ...
The original soil surface is buried, and the formation process must begin anew for this deposit. Over time the soil will develop a profile that depends on the intensities of biota and climate. While a soil can achieve relative stability of its properties for extended periods, [ 117 ] the soil life cycle ultimately ends in soil conditions that ...
The result is a predictable sequence of soil facets. [10] A catena is thus an open system which has continuous input and output processes. On a steeper slope in the middle of a catena, erosion (surface runoff) is faster, so facets are typically thinner and drier. Conversely, on a shallower slope at the top or bottom of a catena, soils are ...
Runoff is the flow of water across the earth, and is a major component in the hydrological cycle. Runoff that flows over land before reaching a watercourse is referred to as surface runoff or overland flow. Once in a watercourse, runoff is referred to as streamflow, channel runoff, or river runoff. Urban runoff is surface runoff created by ...
Overland flow can erode soil particles and transport them downslope. The erosion associated with overland flow may occur through different methods depending on meteorological and flow conditions. If the initial impact of rain droplets dislodges soil, the phenomenon is called rainsplash erosion.
Biorhexistasy – Soil formation theory; Bioswale – Landscape elements designed to manage surface runoff water; Decantation – Process for the separation of mixtures; Deposition (geology) – Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
Human Impact has major effects on erosion processes—first by denuding the land of vegetative cover, altering drainage patterns, and compacting the soil during construction; and next by covering the land in an impermeable layer of asphalt or concrete that increases the amount of surface runoff and increases surface wind speeds. [65]