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The term autotroph was coined by the German botanist Albert Bernhard Frank in 1892. [6] [7] It stems from the ancient Greek word τροφή (trophḗ), meaning "nourishment" or "food".
Organotrophs use organic compounds as electron/hydrogen donors. Lithotrophs use inorganic compounds as electron/hydrogen donors.. The electrons or hydrogen atoms from reducing equivalents (electron donors) are needed by both phototrophs and chemotrophs in reduction-oxidation reactions that transfer energy in the anabolic processes of ATP synthesis (in heterotrophs) or biosynthesis (in autotrophs).
Photoautotrophs are organisms that can utilize light energy from sunlight and elements (such as carbon) from inorganic compounds to produce organic materials needed to sustain their own metabolism (i.e. autotrophy). Such biological activities are known as photosynthesis, and examples of such organisms include plants, algae and cyanobacteria.
A lithoautotroph is an organism which derives energy from reactions of reduced compounds of mineral (inorganic) origin. [1] Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light while chemolithoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs or chemoautotrophs) derive their energy from chemical reactions. [1]
A chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. [1] These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs).
Purple bacteria are able to perform different metabolic pathways that allow them to adapt to different and even extreme environmental conditions. They are mainly photoautotrophs, but are also known to be chemoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic.
Venenivibrio stagnispumantis gains energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas.. In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in ...
Marine dinoflagellate species undergo three major trophic modes: autotrophy, mixotrophy and heterotrophy. [12] Many species of dinoflagellates were previously assumed to be exclusively autotrophic; however, recent research has revealed that many dinoflagellates that were thought to be exclusively phototrophic are actually mixotrophic. [12]