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A rubber band is a single molecule, as is a latex glove. The sections of polyisoprene between two adjacent cross-links are called network chains and can contain up to several hundred isoprene units. In natural rubber, each cross-link produces a network node with four chains emanating from it.
Young's modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) applied to the object and the resulting axial strain (displacement or deformation) in the linear elastic region of the material. Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler.
The elastic properties can be well-characterized by the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, Bulk modulus, and Shear modulus or they may be described by the Lamé parameters. Young's modulus [ edit ]
The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions. Flexural modulus ( E flex ) describes the object's tendency to flex when acted upon by a moment . Two other elastic moduli are Lamé's first parameter , λ, and P-wave modulus , M , as used in table of modulus comparisons given below references.
Elastic energy occurs when objects are impermanently compressed, stretched or generally deformed in any manner. Elasticity theory primarily develops formalisms for the mechanics of solid bodies and materials. [1] (Note however, the work done by a stretched rubber band is not an example of elastic energy.
E i is the Young's modulus along axis i; G ij is the shear modulus in direction j on the plane whose normal is in direction i; ν ij is the Poisson ratio that corresponds to a contraction in direction j when an extension is applied in direction i. The Poisson ratio of an orthotropic material is different in each direction (x, y and z). However ...
The first stage is the linear elastic region. The stress is proportional to the strain, that is, obeys the general Hooke's law, and the slope is Young's modulus. In this region, the material undergoes only elastic deformation. The end of the stage is the initiation point of plastic deformation.
Young's modulus and shear modulus are only for solids, whereas the bulk modulus is for solids, liquids, and gases. The elasticity of materials is described by a stress–strain curve , which shows the relation between stress (the average restorative internal force per unit area) and strain (the relative deformation). [ 2 ]