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Most slaves sold by the Mongols to Europe via the Black Sea slave trade were Tatar or Mongol, though a few Chinese and Indian slaves are also noted to have been sold. [19] The slave trade to Europe mainly concerned Tatar house slaves [20] to Italy, Spain and Portugal and was a small market compared to the export to the Muslim world. [18]
Europe around 1230, showing Mongol incursions in the east The general view in western Europe, since at least 1236, was that the Mongols' ultimate goal was the Holy Roman Empire. This was based partially on intelligence, but mainly on prevailing interpretations of apocalyptic literature. [ 1 ]
The Golden Horde raids in the 1280s (those in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland), were much greater in scale than anything since the 1241–1242 invasion, thanks to the lack of civil war in the Mongol Empire at the time. They have sometimes been collectively referred to as "the second Mongol invasion of Europe", "the second Tatar-Mongol invasion of ...
The Mongol invasions and conquests in the 13th century added a new force in the slave trade, and the slave trade in the Mongol Empire established an international slave market. The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to Karakorum or Sarai, whence they were sold throughout Eurasia.
Historian Nicolae Iorga associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe and through the Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe, taking the Roma from the Mongols as slaves and preserving their status. [4] Other historians consider that they were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. [4]
The Crimean slave trade in Eastern Europe, and the Barbary slave trade in West and South Europe, were the two main sources of European slaves to the Ottoman Empire. During this period the Crimea was the destination of the Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe, and European slaves were trafficked to the Middle East via the Crimea. [47]
Some Mongol troops reaches the outskirts of Vienna and Udine. Death of Ögedei Khan; Retreat of Mongol-Tatar army. [citation needed] spring 1241 – early 1242: Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire (including Austria and northeast Italy) 1241–1242: Mongol invasion of Croatia and Dalmatia [1] 1258–1259: Mongol invasions of Lithuania ...
The Mongols (2nd ed. 2007) Rossabi, Morris. The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2012) Saunders, J. J. The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001) excerpt and text search; Srodecki, Paul. Fighting the ‘Eastern Plague'. Anti-Mongol Crusade Ventures in the Thirteenth Century. In: The Expansion of the Faith.