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Philosopher and writer. Famous for De l'esprit (On Mind). Johann Gottfried Herder: 1744–1803: German: Theologian and linguist. Proposed that language determines thought, introduced concepts of ethnic study and nationalism, influential on later Romantic thinkers. Early supporter of democracy and republican self-rule. Thomas Hobbes: 1588–1679 ...
A common theme among most countries which derived Enlightenment ideas from Europe was the intentional non-inclusion of Enlightenment philosophies pertaining to slavery. Originally during the French Revolution, a revolution deeply inspired by Enlightenment philosophy, "France's revolutionary government had denounced slavery, but the property ...
John Locke's portrait by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London. John Locke (/ l ɒ k /; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 ()) [13] was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".
Member of the Jewish Enlightenment. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781). Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher. Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788). Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794). Italian criminologist, jurist, and philosopher from the Age of Enlightenment. Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Liberal political philosopher.
Like other key Enlightenment thinkers, Voltaire was a deist. [131] ... was officially named Ferney-Voltaire in honor of its most famous resident, in 1878. [272]
The most famous work by de Condorcet, Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de l'esprit humain, 1795. [23] With this posthumous book the development of the Age of Enlightenment is considered generally ended. [24] Condorcet was symbolically interred in the Panthéon (pictured) in 1989. The warrant forced Condorcet into hiding.
Immanuel Kant [a] (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential and controversial figures in modern Western philosophy.
A forerunner of the Age of Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and European intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. [17]