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This H 2 can then be used to hydrogenolyze the esters over a catalyst (e.g., copper chromite), [8] which are produced by esterifying either the ammonium carboxylate salts (e.g., ammonium acetate, propionate, butyrate) or the carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid) with a high-molecular-weight alcohol (e.g., hexanol, heptanol). [9]
Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure coproduct, glycerol. [6] If the feedstock oil is used or has a high acid content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be used to react fatty acids with alcohol to produce biodiesel.
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. It can be produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. It is generally discussed for use as a biofuel.
Distilling fermented products to yield alcoholic beverages with a high content by volume of ethyl alcohol. Desalination to produce potable water and for medico-industrial applications. Crude oil stabilisation , a partial distillation to reduce the vapor pressure of crude oil, which thus is safe to store and to transport, and thereby reduces the ...
The principal suppliers are plants in the United States, Europe, and South Africa. [17] Petroleum derived ethanol (synthetic ethanol) is chemically identical to bioethanol and can be differentiated only by radiocarbon dating. [18] Bioethanol is usually obtained from the conversion of carbon-based feedstock. Agricultural feedstocks are ...
The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate. They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol: CH 3 COO−H + HO−R → CH 3 COO−R + H 2 O, R = general alkyl group. For example, acetic acid and ethanol gives ethyl acetate and water.
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Although most of the fermentation plants have been built in corn-producing regions, sorghum is also an important feedstock for ethanol production in the Plains states. Pearl millet is showing promise as an ethanol feedstock for the southeastern U.S. and the potential of duckweed is being studied. [11]