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Sodium reacts with alcohols and gives alkoxides, and when sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce alkynes to trans-alkenes. [75] [76] Lasers emitting light at the sodium D line are used to create artificial laser guide stars that assist in the adaptive optics for land-based visible-light telescopes. [77]
The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. [51] The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. [63] Pnictogenides (Zn 3 N 2, Zn 3 P 2, Zn 3 As 2 and Zn 3 Sb 2), [64] [65] the ...
For monocrystalline wafers, this involves an anisotropic wet chemical etch using a mixture of an alkaline solution (usually potassium hydroxide or metal ion-free tetramethylammonium hydroxide) and an organic additive to increase etching anisotropy [58] (traditionally isopropyl alcohol, but now proprietary additives are used). The etch forms the ...
Like aluminium, copper is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products. [45] An estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today. [46] In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. [47] As of 2023, recycled copper supplies about one-third of global demand.