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The history of calendars covers practices with ancient roots as people created and used various methods to keep track of days and larger divisions of time.Calendars commonly serve both cultural and practical purposes and are often connected to astronomy and agriculture.
This is a list of calendars.Included are historical calendars as well as proposed ones. Historical calendars are often grouped into larger categories by cultural sphere or historical period; thus O'Neil (1976) distinguishes the groupings Egyptian calendars (Ancient Egypt), Babylonian calendars (Ancient Mesopotamia), Indian calendars (Hindu and Buddhist traditions of the Indian subcontinent ...
In a solar calendar a year approximates Earth's tropical year (that is, the time it takes for a complete cycle of seasons), traditionally used to facilitate the planning of agricultural activities. In a lunar calendar, the month approximates the cycle of the moon phase. Consecutive days may be grouped into other periods such as the week.
As megalithic civilizations left no recorded history, little is known of their timekeeping methods. [3] The Warren Field calendar monument is currently considered to be the oldest lunisolar calendar yet found. Mesoamericans modified their usual vigesimal (base-20) counting system when dealing with calendars to produce a 360-day year. [4]
The Gregorian calendar, like the Julian calendar, is a solar calendar with 12 months of 28–31 days each. The year in both calendars consists of 365 days, with a leap day being added to February in the leap years. The months and length of months in the Gregorian calendar are the same as for the Julian calendar.
A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one epoch of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. [1] For example, the current year is numbered 2025 in the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras).
Timelines of world history; List of timelines; Chronology; See calendar and list of calendars for other groupings of years. See history, history by period, and periodization for different organizations of historical events. For earlier time periods, see Timeline of the Big Bang, Geologic time scale, Timeline of evolution, and Logarithmic timeline
The terms anno Domini (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord" [ 1 ] but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord", [ 2 ] [ 3 ] taken from the full original phrase " anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi ...