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Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge—of which the Encyclopédie forms the pinnacle. [150] In 1783, Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of ...
Age of Enlightenment, period in Western intellectual history from the late 17th to late 18th century, centered in France but also encompassing (alphabetically by country or culture): England: Midlands Enlightenment, period in 18th-century England; Greece: Modern Greek Enlightenment, an 18th-century national revival and educational movement in ...
Both the moderate Enlightenment and a radical or revolutionary Enlightenment were reactions against the authoritarianism, irrationality, and obscurantism of the established churches. Philosophers such as Voltaire depicted organized religion as hostile to the development of reason and the progress of science and incapable of verification.
The concept originated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th and into the early 19th centuries. An enlightened absolutist is a non-democratic or authoritarian leader who exercises their political power based upon the principles of the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs distinguished themselves from ordinary rulers by claiming to rule for ...
A number of leading intellectuals replied with essays, of which Kant's is the most famous and has had the most impact. Kant's opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of enlightenment as people's inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The Business of Enlightenment: a Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Daston, Lorraine. 1998. The Academies and the Utility of Knowledge: The Discipline of the Disciplines. Differences vol. 10, no. 2: 67-86. Gillispie, Charles C. 1980. Science and Polity in France at the end of the Old ...
The history of the salon is far from straightforward. The salon has been studied in depth by a mixture of feminist, Marxist, cultural, social, and intellectual historians. Each of these methodologies focuses on different aspects of the salon, and thus have varying analyses of its importance in terms of French history and the Enlightenment as a ...
This category groups topics regarding the Age of Enlightenment, as well as: Factors which figured in the political developments of the late 18th century and early 19th century, including the American Revolution and French Revolution .