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Non-infectious causes include haemolytic disease of the newborn, hereditary spherocytosis, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and recombinant erythropoietin administration. [1] Some types of cancers can cause it such as rhabdomyosarcoma , extrosseal Ewing sarcoma , Langerhans cell histiocytosis , congenital leukaemia and neuroblastoma . [ 1 ]
Medulloblastomas affect just under two people per million per year, and affect children 10 times more than adults. [36] Medulloblastoma is the second-most frequent brain tumor in children after pilocytic astrocytoma [37] and the most common malignant brain tumor in children, comprising 14.5% of newly diagnosed brain tumors. [38]
With multi-focal disease 60% have a chronic course, 30% achieve remission and mortality is up to 10%. [48] A full recovery can be expected for people who seek treatment and do not have more lesions at 12 and 24 months. However, 50% of children under 2 with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis die of the disease.
Although 80 to 90% of children will have a long term complete response with treatment, [45]: 1527 it remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among children. [82] 85% of cases are of B-cell lineage and have an equal number of cases in both males and females. The remaining 15% of T-cell lineage have a male predominance.
Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease of the eye associated with exposure to infected puppies, which causes a retinal lesion leading to retinal detachment. 4. Retinopathy of prematurity is associated with low-birth-weight infants who receive supplemental oxygen in the period immediately after birth, and it involves damage to the retinal tissue ...
Chemotherapy is given in the US as a medication regimen abbreviated VAC, consisting of Vincristine, Actinomycin D, and Cyclophosphamide. [36] The chemotherapy works to kill all the remaining cancer cells and to stop future growth of any possible cancerous cells. [36] Safety concerns regarding the long term effects of chemotherapy remains a concern.
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Further, it caused 1.8 million deaths in 2020 alone. [3] In those aged 14 or younger, leukaemia is the most frequent form of malignancy with the brain and nervous system subsequent. [26] These individuals account for approximately 1% of the cancer mortality rate – about 110,000 children each year. [28]