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In number theory, the Legendre symbol is a multiplicative function with values 1, −1, 0 that is a quadratic character modulo of an odd prime number p: its value at a (nonzero) quadratic residue mod p is 1 and at a non-quadratic residue (non-residue) is −1. Its value at zero is 0. The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre ...
The general Legendre equation reads ″ ′ + [(+)] =, where the numbers λ and μ may be complex, and are called the degree and order of the relevant function, respectively. . The polynomial solutions when λ is an integer (denoted n), and μ = 0 are the Legendre polynomials P n; and when λ is an integer (denoted n), and μ = m is also an integer with | m | < n are the associated Legendre ...
The Legendre polynomials were first introduced in 1782 by Adrien-Marie Legendre [3] as the coefficients in the expansion of the Newtonian potential where r and r′ are the lengths of the vectors x and x′ respectively and γ is the angle between those two vectors. The series converges when r > r′.
The Jacobi symbol is a generalization of the Legendre symbol; the main difference is that the bottom number has to be positive and odd, but does not have to be prime. If it is prime, the two symbols agree. It obeys the same rules of manipulation as the Legendre symbol. In particular
Legendre form. In mathematics, the Legendre forms of elliptic integrals are a canonical set of three elliptic integrals to which all others may be reduced. Legendre chose the name elliptic integrals because [ 1] the second kind gives the arc length of an ellipse of unit semi-major axis and eccentricity (the ellipse being defined parametrically ...
1. If n is (an odd) prime, then the Jacobi symbol (a / n) is equal to (and written the same as) the corresponding Legendre symbol. 2. If a ≡ b (mod n), then. 3. If either the top or bottom argument is fixed, the Jacobi symbol is a completely multiplicative function in the remaining argument: 4. 5.
In numerical analysis, Gauss–Legendre quadrature is a form of Gaussian quadrature for approximating the definite integral of a function. For integrating over the interval [−1, 1], the rule takes the form: where. n is the number of sample points used, wi are quadrature weights, and. xi are the roots of the n th Legendre polynomial.
In number theory, Euler's criterion is a formula for determining whether an integer is a quadratic residue modulo a prime. Precisely, Let p be an odd prime and a be an integer coprime to p. Then [1][2][3] Euler's criterion can be concisely reformulated using the Legendre symbol: [4] The criterion dates from a 1748 paper by Leonhard Euler. [5][6]