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Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells. It is the eighth most abundant element in the human body by weight, [ 101 ] about equal in abundance to potassium, and slightly greater than sodium and chlorine. [ 102 ] A 70 kg (150 lb) human body contains about 140 grams (4.9 oz) of sulfur. [ 103 ]
Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical; a country's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. [9] Many methods for its production are known, including the contact process, the wet sulfuric acid process, and the lead chamber process. [10] Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry.
The synthetic elements are those with atomic numbers 95–118, as shown in purple on the accompanying periodic table: [1] these 24 elements were first created between 1944 and 2010. The mechanism for the creation of a synthetic element is to force additional protons into the nucleus of an element with an atomic number lower than 95.
Examples include nitric acid (from ammonia), sulfuric acid (from sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide by the contact process), terephthalic acid from p-xylene, acrylic acid from propylene or propane and acrylonitrile from propane and ammonia. [22] The production of ammonia is one of the largest-scale and most energy-intensive processes.
Sulfur metabolism. Sulfur is metabolized by all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. Sulfur can have an oxidation state from -2 to +6 and is reduced or oxidized by a diverse range of organisms. [1] The element is present in proteins, sulfate esters of polysaccharides, steroids, phenols, and sulfur-containing coenzymes.
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to sulfur trioxide, and then to oleum, which is made into sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide for this purpose is made when sulfur combines with oxygen. The method of converting sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid is called the contact process.
The large production of sulfuric acid is primarily motivated by this application. [38] In the nitrophosphate process or Odda process (invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved with nitric acid (HNO 3) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO 3) 2).
The Claus process is the most significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur from gaseous hydrogen sulfide. First patented in 1883 by the chemist Carl Friedrich Claus, the Claus process has become the industry standard. The multi-step Claus process recovers sulfur from the gaseous hydrogen sulfide found in raw natural gas ...