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The pyloric sphincter, surrounding the pyloric orifice is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It acts as a valve , controlling the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum [ 6 ] and release of chyme .
The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer: the pyloric sphincter. Alone among the GI tract, the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer. This is the inner oblique layer and helps churn the chyme in the stomach.
The pylorus (from Greek 'gatekeeper') connects the stomach to the duodenum at the pyloric sphincter. The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar. Near the cardia is the lower esophageal sphincter. [9]
Pyloric stenosis is the thickening (hypertrophy) of the muscle that forms the pyloric sphincter, obstructing the passage of food. [5] Biliary atresia is a congenital defect where the common bile duct, which connects the small intestine to the liver, is obstructed or absent. [5] Pancreatic disease exist as both congenital and acquired diseases.
in the anal canal, it forms the internal anal sphincter. In the colon , the fibres of the external longitudinal smooth muscle layer are collected into three longitudinal bands, the teniae coli . The thickest muscularis layer is found in the stomach (triple layered) and thus maximum peristalsis occurs in the stomach.
Gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery, diabetes, esophageal surgery, absent or inefficient pyloric sphincter, pyloric stenosis Dumping syndrome occurs when food, especially sugar, moves too quickly from the stomach to the duodenum —the first part of the small intestine—in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract .
Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in some time from 40 minutes to 3 hours. [5] With a pH of approximately 2, chyme emerging from the stomach is very acidic. [6]
When the pyloric sphincter is damaged or fails to work correctly, bile can enter the stomach and then be transported into the esophagus as in gastric reflux. The presence of small amounts of bile in the stomach is relatively common and usually asymptomatic, but excessive refluxed bile causes irritation and inflammation . [ 3 ]