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Pro-Shah demonstration organized by the Resurgence Party in Tabriz, April 1978. The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and, [9] [20] to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis; [6] virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries. [6]
Students studying to be imams at Qom were most active in the protests, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as one of the leaders, giving sermons calling for the Shah's overthrow. [131] At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in 4 October 1965. [132]
Policies of the American government: long term policies created an image of the Shah as an American "puppet" with their high profile and the 1953 subversion of the government on his behalf while short-term policies proved as a catalyst to the revolution by pressuring the Shah to liberalize; and then finally the possible heightening of the ...
By the mid-1930s, these decrees, confiscation of clerical land holdings, and other problems had caused intense dissatisfaction among the Shi'a clergy throughout Iran, [16] and after a crowd gathered in support of a cleric at the Mashed shrine denouncing the Shah's innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, troops were called in. Dozens ...
The initial impact of the Islamic revolution around the world was tremendous. In the non-Muslim world it has changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in the politics and spirituality of Islam, [84] along with "fear and distrust towards Islam" and particularly the Islamic Republic and its founder. [85]
As a result, the Shah dismisses Mossadegh as prime minister. But Mossadegh refused to step down and instead arrested the royal messenger delivering the dismissal order. In a panic, the Shah flees to Italy. CIA and British intelligence initiate and execute "Operation Ajax" with conservative Iranians to overthrow Mossadegh. Shah returns to Iran. [1]
The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and the United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see 1953 Iranian coup d'état). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces. Following the overthrow of Mossadegh, Iran became steadfastly geopolitically aligned with the United States.
Street clashes between protesters and Shah's regime in Tehran Killed protesters by Shah's regime in Tehran Iranian protesters on 5 June 1963 Killed protesters in Black Friday The Preamble of the 1979 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran speaks of the Islamic revolution being "watered by the blood of more than 60,000 martyrs and 100,000 ...