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In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1925, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom. The first rule is especially important in chemistry, where it is often referred to simply as Hund's ...
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the Aufbau principle (/ ˈ aʊ f b aʊ /, from German: Aufbauprinzip, lit. 'building-up principle'), also called the Aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s ...
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration , the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity . [ 1 ]
Friedrich Hermann Hund (4 February 1896 – 31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. [1] He is known for the Hund's rules to predict the electron configuration of chemical elements. His work on Hund's cases and molecular orbital theory allowed to understand the structure of molecules.
An example is the neutral helium atom (He), which has two bound electrons, both of which can occupy the lowest-energy states by acquiring opposite spin; as spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the two electrons are in different quantum states and do not violate the Pauli principle.
Defense lawyer Marc Mukasey had announced plans for the appeal to the Manhattan-based 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals during Bankman-Fried's March 28 sentencing hearing. The 32-year-old former ...
Titanium has two triplet TERMS 3 P and 3 F, and Hund's second rule here implies that the ground state term is 3 P. But this term corresponds to (2L+1)(2S+1) = 9 states, and Hund's second rule does not identify which is lowest. Hund's third rule here says that the ground state is the J=0 level, i.e. 3 P 0. And magnetic quantum numbers only ...
On Nov. 19, the appeals court gave the plaintiffs until Nov. 27 to file briefs responding to whether a stay on McGlynn’s injunction should be continued pending appeal.