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This circle, which is the one among all tangent circles at the given point that approaches the curve most tightly, was named circulus osculans (Latin for "kissing circle") by Leibniz. The center and radius of the osculating circle at a given point are called center of curvature and radius of curvature of the curve at that
where a is the radius of the circle, (,) are the polar coordinates of a generic point on the circle, and (,) are the polar coordinates of the centre of the circle (i.e., r 0 is the distance from the origin to the centre of the circle, and φ is the anticlockwise angle from the positive x axis to the line connecting the origin to the centre of ...
Hence, given the radius, r, center, P c, a point on the circle, P 0 and a unit normal of the plane containing the circle, ^, one parametric equation of the circle starting from the point P 0 and proceeding in a positively oriented (i.e., right-handed) sense about ^ is the following:
In this case the circle with radius zero is a double point, and thus any line passing through it intersects the point with multiplicity two, hence is "tangent". If one circle has radius zero, a bitangent line is simply a line tangent to the circle and passing through the point, and is counted with multiplicity two.
The general equation for a circle with a center at (,) and radius a is + =. This can be simplified in various ways, to conform to more specific cases, such as the equation r ( φ ) = a {\displaystyle r(\varphi )=a} for a circle with a center at the pole and radius a .
Consider a circle in with center at the origin and radius . Gauss's circle problem asks how many points there are inside this circle of the form ( m , n ) {\displaystyle (m,n)} where m {\displaystyle m} and n {\displaystyle n} are both integers.
Consider a solution circle of radius r s and three given circles of radii r 1, r 2 and r 3. If the solution circle is externally tangent to all three given circles, the distances between the center of the solution circle and the centers of the given circles equal d 1 = r 1 + r s, d 2 = r 2 + r s and d 3 = r 3 + r s, respectively.
Radius of curvature and center of curvature. In differential geometry, the radius of curvature, R, is the reciprocal of the curvature. For a curve, it equals the radius of the circular arc which best approximates the curve at that point. For surfaces, the radius of curvature is the radius of a circle that best fits a normal section or ...