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Annonamine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Annona muricata [1] (commonly known as soursop, graviola, guanabana, paw-paw and sirsak), a plant commonly used in folk medicine by indigenous communities in Africa and South America. [2] Structurally, it contains an aporphine core featuring a quaternary ammonium group.
The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (Annona muricata), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain.
Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae.It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, [3] containing approximately 166 [4] species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.
A. muricata flower. Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America guanábana) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree. [4] [5] It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated. [5]
Annonacin is a disabling and potentially lethal neurotoxin. [4] [5] [6] Like other acetogenins, it is a mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) inhibitor. [5]As NADH-dehydrogenase is responsible for the conversion of NADH to NAD+ as well as the establishment of a proton gradient in the mitochondria, annonacin disables the ability of a cell to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
The tree is similar to Annona muricata, but has a more spreading crown and glossy leaves. It is slightly hardier and bears fruit throughout the year. [9] It tolerates brief temperature drops down to 24 °F (−4 °C) when full grown. [10] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. [11]
Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub [7] from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops. [8] It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola [6] (whose fruits often share the same name) [3] helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species. [9]
New leaves are whitish below. [12] Leaves are single and alternate, dark green, and slightly hairy on the top surface. [9] They attach to branches with stout 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long and densely hairy leaf stalks. [11] Cherimoya trees bear very pale green, [12] fleshy flowers. They are 3 cm (1.2 in) long [10] with a very strong, fruity ...