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Annonamine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Annona muricata [1] (commonly known as soursop, graviola, guanabana, paw-paw and sirsak), a plant commonly used in folk medicine by indigenous communities in Africa and South America. [2] Structurally, it contains an aporphine core featuring a quaternary ammonium group.
The acetogenin compounds, which occur in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of many Annonaceae, including soursop (Annona muricata), are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a neurodegenerative disease. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain.
Annonacin is a disabling and potentially lethal neurotoxin. [4] [5] [6] Like other acetogenins, it is a mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) inhibitor. [5]As NADH-dehydrogenase is responsible for the conversion of NADH to NAD+ as well as the establishment of a proton gradient in the mitochondria, annonacin disables the ability of a cell to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation ...
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The A. muricata fruit is generally called guanábana in Hispanic America, and the tree is a guanábano. Annona muricata is also the main host plant for tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon) caterpillars. They eat the leaves voraciously and usually stick under the leaves to pupate. [citation needed]
Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae.It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria, [3] containing approximately 166 [4] species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.
The tree is similar to Annona muricata, but has a more spreading crown and glossy leaves. It is slightly hardier and bears fruit throughout the year. [9] It tolerates brief temperature drops down to 24 °F (−4 °C) when full grown. [10] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads. [11]
Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or shrub [7] from the family Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples or sweetsops. [8] It tolerates a tropical lowland climate better than its relatives Annona reticulata and Annona cherimola [6] (whose fruits often share the same name) [3] helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species. [9]