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Laurell Technologies WS-400 spin coater used to apply photoresist to the surface of a silicon wafer. Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films onto flat substrates. Usually a small amount of coating material in liquid form is applied on the center of the substrate, which is either spinning at low speed or not spinning at all.
Crystal structure of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH 3 NH 3 +) is surrounded by PbX 6 octahedra. [13]The name "perovskite solar cell" is derived from the ABX 3 crystal structure of the absorber materials, referred to as perovskite structure, where A and B are cations and X is an anion.
The main obstacle to viable tin perovskite solar cells is the instability of tin's oxidation state Sn 2+, which is easily oxidized to the stabler Sn 4+. [10] In solar cell research, this process is called self-doping, [11] because the Sn 4+ acts as a p-dopant and reduces solar cell efficiency.
A common issue in spin coating is a "beading" up of solvent at the edge of the silicon wafer. A process known as backside washing is most commonly used to spin this bead off of the wafer. By programming multiple different spin speeds into the spin coating apparatus the thickness of the solvent can be made uniform without the "beading" up at the ...
Perovskite MAPbX 3 thin films have been shown to be promising materials for optical gain applications such as lasers and optical amplifiers. [137] [138] Afterwards, the lasing properties of colloidal perovskite NCs such as CsPbX 3 nanocubes, [19] [139] MAPbBr 3 nanoplatelets [113] and FAPbX 3 nanocubes [83] [82] were also demonstrated.
Perovskite (pronunciation: / p ə ˈ r ɒ v s k aɪ t /) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula Ca Ti O 3).Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3, known as the perovskite structure, which has a general chemical formula A 2+ B 4+ (X 2−) 3. [6]
Dip coating is similar to spin coating in that a liquid precursor or sol-gel precursor is deposited on a substrate, but in this case the substrate is completely submerged in the solution and then withdrawn under controlled conditions. By controlling the withdrawal speed, the evaporation conditions (principally the humidity, temperature) and the ...
The precursor sol can be either deposited on a substrate to form a film (e.g., by dip-coating or spin coating), cast into a suitable container with the desired shape (e.g., to obtain monolithic ceramics, glasses, fibers, membranes, aerogels), or used to synthesize powders (e.g., microspheres, nanospheres). [1]