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Abdominal wall defects are a type of congenital defect that allows the stomach, the intestines, or other organs to protrude through an unusual opening that forms on the abdomen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] During the development of the fetus, many unexpected changes occur inside the womb.
Normally, the lateral body walls are responsible for fusion at the midline to form the ventral wall. Corruption of this process may underlie ectopia cordis. [3] Defective ventral body wall formation yields a heart unprotected by the pericardium, sternum, or skin. Other organs may also have formed outside the skin, as well.
However for best long term success most hernias require a permanent barrier to cover the defect much like repairing a hole in a tire. This material is commonly referred to as mesh and can be made of different substances depending on the brand. The operation is usually performed under a general anaesthetic. [2]
Another way of categorizing surgery for prolapse of pelvic organs is suspensive or resective (involving removal of sections of the bowel wall). Ventral rectopexy alone is a syspensive type surgery, a category which also includes colposacropexy. [10] Resection rectopexy additionally involves removal of a section of the sigmoid colon ...
If the ventral body wall fails to close, ventral body wall defects can result, such as ectopia cordis, a congenital malformation in which the heart is abnormally located outside the thorax. Another defect is gastroschisis, a congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall through which the abdominal contents freely protrude.
Upon sectioning of the heart the atrioventricular endocardial cushions can be observed in the lumen of the atrial canal as two thickenings, one on its dorsal and another on its ventral wall. These thickenings will go on to fuse and remodel to eventually form the valves and septa of the mature adult heart.
Abnormal folding of the body wall resulting in a ventral body wall defect through which the gut herniates [10] Failure to incorporate the yolk sac and related vitelline structures into the umbilical stalk [15] The first hypothesis does not explain why the mesoderm defect would occur in such a specific small area.
An omphalocele or omphalocoele, also known as an exomphalos, is a rare abdominal wall defect. [1] Beginning at the 6th week of development, rapid elongation of the gut and increased liver size reduces intra abdominal space, which pushes intestinal loops out of the abdominal cavity.