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Since C11 (and C++11), a new literal prefix u8 is available that guarantees UTF-8 for a bytestring literal, as in char foo [512] = u8 "φωωβαρ";. [7] Since C++20 and C23, a char8_t type was added that is meant to store UTF-8 characters and the types of u8 prefixed character and string literals were changed to char8_t and char8_t ...
In the C programming language, an escape sequence is specially delimited text in a character or string literal that represents one or more other characters to the compiler.It allows a programmer to specify characters that are otherwise difficult or impossible to specify in a literal.
Both character termination and length codes limit strings: For example, C character arrays that contain null (NUL) characters cannot be handled directly by C string library functions: Strings using a length code are limited to the maximum value of the length code. Both of these limitations can be overcome by clever programming.
This is because string literals have array type, char [n] (C) or const char [n] (C++), which cannot be added; this is not a restriction in most other languages. This is particularly important when used in combination with the C preprocessor, to allow strings to be computed following preprocessing, particularly in macros. [13] As a simple example:
Most modern libraries replace C strings with a structure containing a 32-bit or larger length value (far more than were ever considered for length-prefixed strings), and often add another pointer, a reference count, and even a NUL to speed up conversion back to a C string.
The string literal is an unnamed array set up automatically by the compiler, with elements of type char and a final NULL character (ASCII value 0) marking the end of the array (to allow printf to determine the length of the string).
In C and many derivative programming languages, a string escape sequence is a series of two or more characters, starting with a backslash \. [3]Note that in C a backslash immediately followed by a newline does not constitute an escape sequence, but splices physical source lines into logical ones in the second translation phase, whereas string escape sequences are converted in the fifth ...
char * pc [10]; // array of 10 elements of 'pointer to char' char (* pa)[10]; // pointer to a 10-element array of char The element pc requires ten blocks of memory of the size of pointer to char (usually 40 or 80 bytes on common platforms), but element pa is only one pointer (size 4 or 8 bytes), and the data it refers to is an array of ten ...