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Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, [1] [2] opiates, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and other substances. [3] [4] [5] Infants born to mothers who used substances of dependence during pregnancy may also experience a PAWS.
Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS), also known as pervasive arousal withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a rare hypothesized pediatric mental disorder. [1] [2] [3] PRS is not included in the standard psychiatric classification systems; that is, PRS is not a recognized mental disorder in the World Health Organization's current and upcoming International Classification of Diseases and the current ...
A protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome occurs in many alcoholics when withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage but usually at a subacute level of intensity and gradually decreasing with severity over time. This syndrome is sometimes referred to as the post-acute-withdrawal syndrome. Some withdrawal symptoms can linger ...
Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms. [4] [5] Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, stimulants, antiepileptics and ...
More serious symptoms may also occur such as depersonalization, restless legs syndrome, seizures, and suicidal ideation. Benzodiazepine withdrawal can also lead to disturbances in mental function that persist for several months or years after onset of symptoms (referred to as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome in this form).
Individuals who have had more withdrawal episodes are at an increased risk of very severe withdrawal symptoms, up to and including seizures and death. Long-term activation of the GABA receptor by sedative–hypnotic drugs causes chronic GABA receptor downregulation as well as glutamate overactivity, which can lead to drug and neurotransmitter ...
The length of time that major symptoms occur also depends on the opioid used. [43] For heroin withdrawal, symptoms are typically greatest at two to four days and can last up to two weeks. [44] [43] Less significant symptoms may remain for an even longer period, in which case the withdrawal is known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome. [43]
Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine.Symptoms include intense cravings for nicotine, anger or irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating.