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In mathematics and physics, vector notation is a commonly used notation for representing vectors, [1] [2] which may be Euclidean vectors, or more generally, members of a vector space. For denoting a vector, the common typographic convention is lower case, upright boldface type, as in v .
Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional Euclidean space, . [1] The term vector calculus is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which spans vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration.
As the name implies, the divergence is a (local) measure of the degree to which vectors in the field diverge. The divergence of a tensor field T {\displaystyle \mathbf {T} } of non-zero order k is written as div ( T ) = ∇ ⋅ T {\displaystyle \operatorname {div} (\mathbf {T} )=\nabla \cdot \mathbf {T} } , a contraction of a tensor field ...
Calculus serves as a foundational mathematical tool in the realm of vectors, offering a framework for the analysis and manipulation of vector quantities in diverse scientific disciplines, notably physics and engineering. Vector-valued functions, where the output is a vector, are scrutinized using calculus to derive essential insights into ...
The following are important identities in vector algebra.Identities that only involve the magnitude of a vector ‖ ‖ and the dot product (scalar product) of two vectors A·B, apply to vectors in any dimension, while identities that use the cross product (vector product) A×B only apply in three dimensions, since the cross product is only defined there.
This article uses the convention that vectors are denoted in a bold font (e.g. a 1), and scalars are written in normal font (e.g. a 1). The dot product of vectors a and b is written as a ⋅ b {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} } , the norm of a is written ‖ a ‖, the angle between a and b is denoted θ .
Vectorization is used in matrix calculus and its applications in establishing e.g., moments of random vectors and matrices, asymptotics, as well as Jacobian and Hessian matrices. [5] It is also used in local sensitivity and statistical diagnostics. [6]
In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices.It collects the various partial derivatives of a single function with respect to many variables, and/or of a multivariate function with respect to a single variable, into vectors and matrices that can be treated as single entities.