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Benzoylecgonine is sometimes found in drinking water supplies. In 2005, scientists found surprisingly large quantities of benzoylecgonine in Italy's Po River and used its concentration to estimate the number of cocaine users in the region. [4]
Benzoylecgonine (197e) is the inactive primary metabolite of cocaine generated through hydrolysis of the C2 methyl ester. In vitro binding studies indicate that benzoylecgonine is ~2,200x less potent than cocaine at the dopamine transporter, possibly due to zwitterion formation preventing strong DAT binding.
A 2005 study measured cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine in water samples from the River Po in Italy. [7] Wastewater-based epidemiology is supported by government bodies such as the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in Europe. [8]
Tap water for about 1 in 3 Americans could contain a byproduct from the decontamination process that may be toxic, according to a study published Thursday.. For over a century, public water ...
The compound — known as chloronitramide anion — is found in water treated with inorganic chloramines, which more than one in five Americans, or around 113 million people, drink.
If ethanol is present during the metabolism of cocaine, a portion of the cocaine undergoes transesterification with ethanol, rather than undergoing hydrolysis with water, which results in the production of cocaethylene. [1] cocaine + H 2 O → benzoylecgonine + methanol (with liver carboxylesterase 1) [4] benzoylecgonine + ethanol → ...
Crack is a lower purity form of free-base cocaine that is usually produced by neutralization of cocaine hydrochloride with a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3) and water, producing a very hard/brittle, off-white-to-brown colored, amorphous material that contains sodium carbonate, entrapped water, and other by-products as the ...
All three acetylcholine-inhibiting chemicals can also be found in the leaves, stems, and flowers in varying, unknown amounts in Brugmansia (angel trumpets), a relative of Datura. The same is also true of many other plants belonging to subfamily Solanoideae of the Solanaceae , the alkaloids being concentrated particularly in the leaves and seeds.