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This is the process that was initially used for the Human Genome Project, however due to stability issues, YACs were abandoned for the use of bacterial artificial chromosome. The bakers' yeast S. cerevisiae is one of the most important experimental organisms for studying eukaryotic molecular genetics. [1]
The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; [4] the first genome sequence of a prokaryote (Haemophilus influenzae) was published in 1995; [5] the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. [6]
The S. cerevisiae genome is composed of about 12,156,677 base pairs and 6,275 genes, compactly organized on 16 chromosomes. [55] Only about 5,800 of these genes are believed to be functional. It is estimated at least 31% of yeast genes have homologs in the human genome. [57] Yeast genes are classified using gene symbols (such as Sch9) or ...
The human genome was the first of all vertebrates to be sequenced to such near-completion, and as of 2018, the diploid genomes of over a million individual humans had been determined using next-generation sequencing. [59] These data are used worldwide in biomedical science, anthropology, forensics and other branches of science.
In 2004, the Human Genome Project published an incomplete version of the human genome. [24] In 2008, a group from Leiden, the Netherlands, reported the sequencing of the first female human genome (Marjolein Kriek). Currently thousands of genomes have been wholly or partially sequenced.
The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995. In 1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released and in 1998 the first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, was released.
This finding reshaped our understanding both of yeast biology, and of mechanisms of genome evolution in eukaryotes. [12] His subsequent discoveries of similar ancient genome duplications (paleopolyploidy) [19] during human evolution, and in almost all families of flowering plants, led to the realisation that whole-genome duplication is ...
A well-supported paleopolyploidy has been found in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), despite its small, compact genome (~13Mbp), after the divergence from Kluyveromyces lactis and K. marxianus. [17] Through genome streamlining, yeast has lost 90% of the duplicated genome over evolutionary time and is now recognized as a diploid organism.