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HIPIMS utilises extremely high power densities of the order of kW⋅cm −2 in short pulses (impulses) of tens of microseconds at low duty cycle (on/off time ratio) of < 10%. Distinguishing features of HIPIMS are a high degree of ionisation of the sputtered metal and a high rate of molecular gas dissociation which result in high density of ...
A pinched aluminium can, produced from a pulsed magnetic field created by rapidly discharging 2 kilojoules from a high-voltage capacitor bank into a 3-turn coil of heavy gauge wire. Electromagnetic forming (EM forming or magneforming) is a type of high-velocity, cold forming process for electrically conductive metals, most commonly copper and ...
Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) 1150 2102 ~1400-1530 Stainless steel (Magnetic) 1095 2003 ~1400-1530 Nickel: 1095 2003 1453 Titanium: 955 1751 1660 Copper: 900 1652 1083 Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc) 815 1499 ~900-940 Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) 900 to 419.53 1652 to 787.154 ~950 Aluminium: 300 - 480 ...
They provide less attenuation of outgoing transmissions than incoming: they can block electromagnetic pulse (EMP) waves from natural phenomena very effectively, but especially in upper frequencies, a tracking device may be able to penetrate from within the cage (e.g., some cell phones operate at various radio frequencies so while one frequency ...
The MR signal in MRI is produced by the process of resonance, which is the result of radiofrequency pulses. They consist of two electromagnetic coils, the transmitter and receiver, which generate the field and receive the resulting signal. Atomic nuclei of interest in MRI studies have their own resonant frequencies, in the radiofrequency ...
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Figure 3. The Weiss domains in a ferromagnetic material; the magnetic moments are aligned in domains. Materials structures consist of intrinsic magnetic moments which are separated into domains called Weiss domains . [ 38 ]