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Since Roush Racing had five cars, they could continue to field five cars until the end of 2009. Jackie Robinson's #42 shirt, which he wore when he broke Major League Baseball's 20th-century color line and throughout his Hall of Fame career with the Brooklyn Dodgers, is the subject of two such grandfather clauses.
Reese (1876), [46] the first U.S. Supreme Court decision interpreting the Fifteenth Amendment, the Court interpreted the amendment narrowly, upholding ostensibly race-neutral limitations on suffrage, including poll taxes, literacy tests, and a grandfather clause that exempted citizens from other voting requirements if their grandfathers had ...
Guinn v. United States (1915) - Ruled certain grandfather clause provisions in Southern states to be unconstitutional. Nixon v. Herndon (1927) - Ruled all-white primary elections of the Texas Democratic Party to be unconstitutional. Nixon v. Condon (1932) - Ruled reformulated all-white primary elections of the Texas Democratic Party to be ...
Grandfather clauses were first instituted as a means of allowing whites to vote while simultaneously disenfranchising blacks. [2] The grandfather clause in Guinn v. United States involved requirement that a citizen must pass a literacy test in order to register to vote. At the time, many poor whites in the South were illiterate and would lose ...
Louisiana enacts the first statewide grandfather clause that provides exemption for illiterate whites to voter registration literacy test requirements. [citation needed] In Williams v. Mississippi the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the voter registration and election provisions of Mississippi's constitution because they applied to all citizens ...
Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation.It overturned the Texas state law that authorized parties to set their internal rules, including the use of white primaries.
"Disfranchisement, the U.S. Constitution, and the Federal Courts: Alabama's 1901 Constitutional Convention Debates the Grandfather Clause". American Journal of Legal History. 48 (3): 237– 279. doi:10.2307/25434804. JSTOR 25434804. Grandfather Clause in From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
Previous state court rulings had overturned racial zoning ordinances on grounds of the "takings clause" because of their failures to grandfather land that had been owned before enactment. The Court, in Buchanan , ruled that the motive for the Louisville ordinance—separation of races for purported reasons—was an inappropriate exercise of ...