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Sole markings were first recognized in the Devonian rocks of New York State by James Hall in 1843. [4] Originally, the features found on the undersides of beds were called hieroglyphs, fucoids, and bio hieroglyphs, because of their structure and how they were thought to be created; however, the term sole mark is used by geologists at present.
The worms' digestive systems create environments that allow certain species of microbes to thrive to help create a "living" soil environment for plants. [9] The fraction of soil which has gone through the digestive tract of earthworms is called the drilosphere. [10] Vermicomposting is a common practice in permaculture. [11] [12]
Rhizoliths, and other distinctive modifications of carbonate soil texture by plant roots, are important for identifying paleosols in the post-Silurian geologic record. Rock units whose structure and fabric were established largely by the activity of plant roots are called rhizolites .
Mudcracks can be preserved as v-shaped cracks on the top of a bed of muddy sediment or as casts on the base of the overlying bed. When they are preserved on the top of a bed, the cracks look as they did at the time of formation. When they are preserved on the bottom of the bedrock, the cracks are filled in with younger, overlying sediment.
Cast Earth is a proprietary natural building material developed since the mid-1990s by Harris Lowenhaupt and Michael Frerking [1] based on the earlier Turkish Alker, which is a concrete-like composite with soil of a suitable composition as its bulk component stabilized with about 15% calcined gypsum (plaster of Paris) instead of Portland cement.
The earliest known record of lost-wax casting is a clay tablet written in cuneiform in the ancient city of Sparta, Babylon, which specifically records how much wax is needed to cast a key. [6] The earliest-known castings in the global archaeological record were made in open stone molds. [7]
“He wanted to protect an essentially worthless fish called a smelt,” Trump wrote on Truth Social about California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) on Jan. 8, a day after the fires started. “Now the ...
The expression "load cast", sometimes also called a load structure, refers to a load (the denser layer) sinking into its underlying (less dense) cast (mold). Related to load casts are flame structures, load waves, and anticrests. Extreme developments of load casts are pseudo-nodules and ball-and-pillow structures. In these extreme cases, the ...