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The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H 2 O) to ...
The energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose is released by the cell in the citric acid cycle, producing carbon dioxide and the energetic electron donors NADH and FADH. Oxidative phosphorylation uses these molecules and O 2 to produce ATP , which is used throughout the cell whenever energy is needed.
Dissociative recombination is the reaction in which a molecular ion recombines with an electron and dissociates into neutral fragments. Important formation mechanisms for • HO are: H 3 O + + e − → • HO + H 2 (1a) Dissociative recombination H 3 O + + e − → • HO + • H + • H (1b) Dissociative recombination
The −1 occurs because each carbon is bonded to one hydrogen atom (a less electronegative element), and the − 1 / 5 because the total ionic charge of −1 is divided among five equivalent carbons. Again this can be described as a resonance hybrid of five equivalent structures, each having four carbons with oxidation state −1 and ...
This spontaneous reaction releases 542 kJ per 2 g of hydrogen because the H-F bond is much stronger than the F-F bond. This reaction can be analyzed as two half-reactions. The oxidation reaction converts hydrogen to protons: H 2 → 2 H + + 2 e −. The reduction reaction converts fluorine to the fluoride anion: F 2 + 2 e − → 2 F −
Water splitting is the chemical reaction in which water is broken down into oxygen and hydrogen: [1] 2 H 2 O → 2 H 2 + O 2 Efficient and economical water splitting would be a technological breakthrough that could underpin a hydrogen economy .
The reducing agent in this reaction is ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN) 6] 4−). It donates an electron, becoming oxidized to ferricyanide ([Fe(CN) 6] 3−). Simultaneously, that electron is received by the oxidizer chlorine (Cl 2), which is reduced to chloride (Cl −). Strong reducing agents easily lose (or donate) electrons.
An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red). Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from a region of high proton concentration to a region of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to ...