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Octopuses (along with cuttlefish) have the highest brain-to-body mass ratios of all invertebrates; [48] this is greater than that of many vertebrates. [49] Octopuses have the same jumping genes that are active in the human brain, implying an evolutionary convergence at molecular level. [50]
Octopuses have also been observed in what has been described as play: repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them. [ 32 ] Cephalopods can demonstrably benefit from environmental enrichment [ 33 ] indicating behavioral and neuronal plasticity not exhibited by many other invertebrates.
The octopus central brain contains 40 to 45 million cells. The brain-to-body mass ratio of the octopus is the highest of all the invertebrates and larger than that of most fish and reptiles (i.e. vertebrates). However, scientists have noted that brain size is not necessarily related to the complexity of its function. [45] [46]
All octopuses [25] and most cephalopods [26] [27] are considered to be color blind. Coleoid cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish) have a single photoreceptor type and lack the ability to determine color by comparing detected photon intensity across multiple spectral channels.
To understand the inner details of octopus lives, researchers dived for about a month at a reef off the coast of Eilat, Israel, and tracked 13 octopuses for a total of 120 hours using several cameras.
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The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) is a mollusk belonging to the class Cephalopoda. Octopus vulgaris is one of the most studied of all octopus species, and also one of the most intelligent. It ranges from the eastern Atlantic, extends from the Mediterranean Sea and the southern coast of England , to the southern coast of South Africa.